بسم
الله الرحمن الرحيم
وصلى
الله على نبيه الامين
وعلى
آله واصحابه اجمعين
Rationally
it is quite a challenge to justify the idea that everlasting, eternal
damnation and punishment awaits people in Hell for sins and rebellion
against Allah that are finite. Such a belief also appears to be
contrary to the idea of Allah ارحم
الراحمين being
gracious, merciful and compassionate.
Once
the Prophet صلى
الله عليه وسلم came
across a woman nursing her child and asked his companions whether
they thought she could ever throw her child into the fire, to which
they replied “by no means, if she could help it”, to which the
Prophet صلى
الله عليه وسلم said:
اللَّهُ
أَرْحَمُ بِعِبَادِهِ مِنْ هَذِهِ
بِوَلَدِهَا
“Allah
is more merciful to His servant than this woman is to her child”
Allah
says:
وَ
رَحۡمَتِیۡ وَسِعَتۡ کُلَّ شَیۡءٍ
My
mercy encompasses all things
(Surah
7:156)
There
are some more specific indications in the Quran that the punishment
of Hellfire is not eternal:
فَاَمَّا
الَّذِیۡنَ شَقُوۡا فَفِی النَّارِ
لَہُمۡ فِیۡہَا زَفِیۡرٌ وَّ شَہِیۡقٌ
As
for those who will prove unfortunate, they shall be in the Fire,
wherein there shall be for them sighing and sobbing,
خٰلِدِیۡنَ
فِیۡہَا مَا دَامَتِ السَّمٰوٰتُ وَ
الۡاَرۡضُ اِلَّا مَا شَآءَ رَبُّکَ ؕ
اِنَّ رَبَّکَ فَعَّالٌ لِّمَا یُرِیۡدُ
Abiding
therein so long as the heavens and the earth endure, excepting
what thy Lord may will. Surely, thy Lord does bring about what He
pleases
(Surah
11:106-107)
In
this Ayah there is a strong hint that the punishment of the Hellfire
is not eternal, but shall perhaps come to an end at some point as per
Allah’s will. Interestingly, the same description of duration is
mentioned concerning Paradise with one critical caveat:
وَ
اَمَّا الَّذِیۡنَ سُعِدُوۡا فَفِی
الۡجَنَّۃِ خٰلِدِیۡنَ فِیۡہَا مَا
دَامَتِ السَّمٰوٰتُ وَ الۡاَرۡضُ اِلَّا
مَا شَآءَ رَبُّکَ ؕ عَطَآءً غَیۡرَ
مَجۡذُوۡذٍ
But
as for those who will prove fortunate, they shall be in Heaven;
abiding therein so long as the heavens and the earth endure,
excepting what thy Lord may will — a gift that shall not be cut
off
(Surah
11:108)
Note
that the description of Paradise as “a gift that shall not be cut
off” is unique to Paradise and not mentioned at all regarding the
Hellfire. This too is an indication that unlike Paradise, the
punishment of Hellfire is not permanent or everlasting. Whether the
Quran describes the punishment of Hell as eternal or not, it
certainly cannot be denied that Hellfire is described as a lengthy
sentence:
لّٰبِثِیۡنَ
فِیۡہَاۤ اَحۡقَابًا
Who
will tarry therein for ages
(Surah
78:23)
Ahqāb
is the plural of huqb
which is a finite period of time, usually translated to mean: “long
period of time, years, eighty years” (Arabic-English
Dictionary of Quranic Usage
p.223)
It
seems counter-intuitive to describe perpetuity as “ages” or a
multiple of measurements of a fixed period of time. Granted, infinite
fixed periods is still infinite, but that is a strange way to
describe infinity.
The
Prophet صلى
الله عليه و آله وسلم said:
يَخْرُجُ
مِنَ النَّارِ مَنْ قَالَ لاَ إِلَهَ
إِلاَّ اللَّهُ، وَفِي قَلْبِهِ وَزْنُ
شَعِيرَةٍ مِنْ خَيْرٍ، وَيَخْرُجُ مِنَ
النَّارِ مَنْ قَالَ لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ
اللَّهُ، وَفِي قَلْبِهِ وَزْنُ بُرَّةٍ
مِنْ خَيْرٍ، وَيَخْرُجُ مِنَ النَّارِ
مَنْ قَالَ لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ اللَّهُ،
وَفِي قَلْبِهِ وَزْنُ ذَرَّةٍ مِنْ
خَيْرٍ
“Whoever
said ‘none has the right to be worshipped but Allah’ and has in
his heart good equal to the weight of a barley grain will be taken
out of Hell. And whoever said ‘none has the right to be worshipped
but Allah’ and has in his heart good (faith) equal to the weight of
a wheat grain will be taken out of Hell. And whoever said, ‘none
has the right to be worshipped but Allah’ and has in his heart good
equal to the weight of an atom will be taken out of Hell.”
Interestingly,
confessing to the Prophesy of sayyidina Muhammad صلوات
الله وسلام عليه is
not mentioned as the criterion for Allah taking out souls from the
Hellfire, but only belief in the oneness of Allah, that He alone is
worthy of worship and the only God.
According
to a Hadith whose authenticity is not established:
يأتي
على جهنم يوم ما فيها من بني آدم واحد تخفق
أبوابها كأنها أبواب الموحدين
That
is, a day or time shall dawn upon Gehinnom in which none from the
children of Adam will be found in it, and it’s doors shall rattle
to the blowing wind.
In
conclusion, I say that the traditional belief in the eternality of
Hellfire held by most Muslims is not strongly established in Islam.
It is indeed rationally difficult to justify, but Allah knows best.